Unlocking the potential of sulfurized electrode materials for next-generation supercapacitor technology

Supercapacitors have emerged as a highly promising technology for energy storage, offering benefits such as high power output, adjustable energy density, and robust cyclic stability. The performance of these devices is largely influenced by the electrode materials used, which must provide substantial charge storage, excellent rate capability, and strong conductivity. Among various strategies developed to address these challenges, sulfurization has gained notable attention for its effectiveness in enhancing the electrochemical properties of electrode materials. This review article provides an in-depth examination of the sulfurization process applied to electrodes, aiming to deliver a thorough overview of recent advancements, the effects of sulfur integration on electrode characteristics, and the consequent improvements in supercapacitor performance. It delves into how sulfurization affects the morphology, structure, and composition of electrode materials, including changes in surface area, pore size distribution, crystal structure, and the creation of active sites. The review consolidates findings on enhanced specific capacitance, improved rate capability, extended cycle life, and increased energy density achieved through sulfurization. Additionally, it addresses the challenges and limitations of sulfurization, offering insights into potential solutions and future research directions.