Three-dimensional printing technologies, techniques, and materials currently used dentistry: A comprehensive review

This review evaluated various 3D-printing technologies and materials utilized in dentistry. Digital manufacturing, rapid prototyping, additive manufacturing, and 3D printing have gained precedence over subtractive manufacturing or milling. This cutting-edge 3D printing technology offers precise and advanced manufacturing capabilities for various materials. Technologies have been used to fabricate 3D-printed models. Some problems were associated with 3D-printing technologies: (1) the layer-by-layer image superimposition causes distortion and reduces the mechanical properties of the material; (2) the thickness of the layer affects the final model's smoothness; (3) the lack of trained technicians and clinicians hinders the implementation of 3D printers in regular clinics; (4) most 3D printing machines are not customized for dental use. Even though 3D printers can create a model in a shorter period, acquiring data takes time. To implement 3D printing in dentistry, manufacturers should aim to reduce costs and time, increase surface quality, and improve the reproducibility, reliability, and performance of this technology. Dental practitioners can customize the fabrication of temporary and permanent crowns, occlusal splints, implants, and dental aligners. However, 3D-printing machines are still less accepted than traditional treatment methods.