Review of batteries reliability in electric vehicle and E-mobility applications

Electric mobility (E-Mobility) has expedited transportation decarbonization worldwide. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) could help transition gasoline-powered cars to electric vehicles (EVs). However, several factors affect Li-ion battery technology in EVs’ short-term and long-term reliability. Li-ion batteries’ sensitivity and non-linearity may make traditional dependability models unreliable. This state-of-the-art article investigated power fade (PF) and capacity fade (CF) as leading reliability indicators that help analyze battery reliability under various ambient temperatures and discharge C-rates. Trends in LIBs applications for EVs and E-mobility are discussed. Furthermore, qualitative analysis and risk management were conducted to identify the reliable and unreliable zones of battery operation based on these indicators and the degradation circumstances implemented in recent publications. Besides, the influence of degrading circumstances on reliability indicators over the battery's lifespan, such as a high C-rate at a low temperature throughout the battery's lifetime, has been presented in a comprehensive investigated case study in this work.