Regulatory pathways of inflammation

The inflammation process involves the induction of several inflammatory pathways from the surrounding nearby environment. These pathways are activated by a variety of triggering factors, including toxicants, infections, cell damage, and cellular debris. This chapter focuses on the various recently identified inflammatory pathways, their activation, and regulation. Proinflammatory cytokines are important regulators involved in host immune response, response to injury, trauma, or any pathogenic infection. Inflammation progression is caused by the action of these cytokines like IL-1 (interleukins), TNF (tumor necrosis factor), and IFN-Υ (gamma-interferons), antiinflammatory cytokines like IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13, TGF (transforming growth factors), and IFN resolved the inflammation. The inflammatory intracellular signaling pathways involving NF-κB, Smad, JAK/STAT, and MAPK and their regulation have been studied extensively. Recently, various clinical approaches for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases mainly focus on the suppression of proinflammatory positive signaling pathways and promotion of antiinflammatory mediator response. Here in this chapter, we explained several regulatory pathways of inflammation and their clinical application for the treatment of inflammatory diseases by modifying the signal transduction processes of these pathways.