Recent advances in using nanomaterials for portable biosensing platforms towards marine toxins application: Up-to-date technology and future prospects

Marine Toxins (MTs) have received worldwide attention owing to their pose a threat to human health and food safety. In many cases, numerous species of algae can produce MTs, which can accumulate in shellfish such as mussels, oysters, and scallops. The consumption of these contaminated foods can cause several health problems or even different types of syndromes. Thereby, affordable and convenient biosensing platforms must be taken into account in terms of the detection of MTs. Recently, the rapid development of analytical methods has led to the introduction of biosensors, as an efficient biosensing approach, which can broaden scholars’ horizons about the high potential of these methods for MTs determination. However, most biosensors suffer from a lack of portability ability. In order to address this problem, novel portable biosensors have been presented by numerous researchers. Among them, microfluidics systems, lateral flow assays (LFAs), smartphone-based biosensors, and screen-printed electrodes (SPE) boost this field. This review focuses on the most recent advances in the fabrication of novel and portable biosensors for marine toxin quantification. In addition, the role of the bioreceptors, nanomaterials and transduction were discussed. In order to complete our review, the future development trends and current challenges of portable biosensors for MTs determination are discussed.