Recent advances in assembly strategies of new advanced materials-based analytical methods for the detection of cardiac biomarkers as a diagnosis tool

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a type of cardiac disease which is one of the main reasons for mortality worldwide. The fabrication of reliable diagnosis methods to predict heart attacks is difficult due to the low-level concentration of responsible biomarkers and limited time between the first symptoms and the heart attack. However, new advanced nanomaterials have led to the fabrication of new nanoplatforms for the detection and therapy of AMI. These nanomaterials have been utilized to fabricate different types of nanobiosensors for early-stage detection of cardiac biomarkers. In this review, the influence of new advanced materials on the fabricated sensing platforms for cardiac biomarkers has been reviewed. Key points of the developed analytical methods have been addressed regarding their advantages, limitations, and also their potential to be as a commercial device in near future. Various analytical methods have utilized for the fabrication of the sensing probes including optical (fluorescence, molecular absorbance, surface Plasmon resonance, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy), electrochemical (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, electrochemiluminescence, etc.), and quartz crystal microbalance methods. In conclusion, this review may provide a direction for future researches by introducing the most promising materials and analytical methods for AMI detection.