Recent advancements in smart MXene quantum dot-based nanosystems for immunomodulatory and effective cancer treatment

MXene quantum dots (MQDs) are a novel generation of smart nanosystems for various biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, such as biological imaging/sensing, tissue engineering, cancer diagnostics/therapy, analytical biochemistry, and drug/gene delivery, owing to their specific instinct characteristics and biocompatibility. However, there are several challenges related to their histopathology, long-term toxicity, biodegradability, photoluminescence (especially in clinical studies), and biodistribution properties, which must be carefully assessed. In addition to developing highly scalable and optimized synthesis methods for MQD-based nanosystems, more advanced smart MXene-based platforms and their hybrid nanocomposites must be developed to address the uprising requirements. A smart nanosystem based on MQDs with improved properties requires advanced functionalization strategies, improved synthesis methods, and cytotoxicity/biosafety evaluations. The current review article highlighted recent developments in the immunomodulatory cancer applications of MQDs, focusing on current trends and future perspectives.