Proposed frequency decoupling-based fuzzy logic control for power allocation and state-of-charge recovery of hybrid energy storage systems adopting multi-level energy management for multi-DC-microgrids

This paper proposes a decentralized multiple-Direct-Current-Microgrid (multi-DCMG) system to supply affordable load demands while addressing challenges posed by Hybridized-Energy-Storage-Systems (H-ESS) limitations, consumption/generation complexities, and renewables volatility. The paper's contributions include a system feasibility assessment for isolated users and a demonstration of the effectiveness of the control strategies adopted. To improve system resiliency and reliability, the proposed system adopts a high-control level for energy/power balances, using a Mamdani 50 rule-based Fuzzy Logic energy management system (FL-EMS) to supervise State-of-Charge (SoC) recovery. The low-control level manages/supervises DC-DC power converters' powers adopting Proportional-Integral (PI), Hysteresis-Current-Controller (HCC), and Linear-Quadratic-Regulator (LQR) in closed-Control-loops, besides an advanced low-pass-filtering (A-LPF) for load frequency decoupling. The results show that the proposed H-ESS outperformed single-ESS systems in dynamic load changes and renewables' uncertainty, and supercapacitors improved load supply, voltage regulation, and current tracking. However, expensive costs and slow restoration of H-ESS banks from critical SoCs are major drawbacks. The global system assessment demonstrated promising results through proper FL-EMS setpoint computation, stable Bus voltage with 0.55–6.9% deviations due to robust controllers, accurate SoC recovery of HESS batteries at critical SoCs (<10% and >90%), fast and accurate convergence with 3.35–3.37% mismatch, and 99.3% supply efficiency at minor power losses of 0.7–1.55%.