Peanut-shaped manganese-doped bismuth oxide ceramics impregnated over ultrathin rGO films for the photodegradation of azo dye and drug

The disastrous pollution resulting from antibiotics may traverse extensive distances through water, presenting a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems and human well-being. The catalyst-assisted heterogeneous activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) has emerged as an intriguing technology for purifying such wastewater. Herein, we have designed cobalt tetroxide anchored over graphitic carbon nitride (Co3O4-g-C3N4) catalysts through an impregnation and high-temperature calcination technique for the effective degradation of moxifloxacin (MOX) antibiotics from wastewater. The experiments revealed that the MOX degraded completely in 21 min in the Co3O4-g-C3N4/PMS system with a degradation kinetics constant of 0.1858 min−1, faster than the Co3O4/PMS under optimal conditions ([Co3O4-g-C3N4] = 0.5 g/L, [PMS] = 0.5 mM, [MOX] = 20 mg/L, pH = 6.3). Specifically, the higher degradation of MOX in the Co3O4-g-C3N4/PMS system can be credited to the larger surface area (97.22 m2/g) of the Co3O4-g-C3N4 catalyst in comparison to the Co3O4 (69.08 m2/g), which enhanced the accessibility of catalytic active sites and improved the PMS activating process. Further, the impression of varied operating factors and intervening anions on MOX abatement was also scrutinized. The production of reactive oxygen species was verified using quenching experiments and further validated by electron paramagnetic resonance analysis. The mechanistic degradation pathways of MOX were anticipated through the acquisition of degradation by-products. The mechanistic insight revealed that the PMS activation was caused by the transitions of Co3+/Co2+ pairs in the reaction system. Overall, this study sheds new insights for subsequent research into the catalytic mechanism of heterogeneous catalysts utilizing PMS activation to degrade organic pollutants.