Optimal energy management based equivalent hydrogen consumption minimization strategy of DC microgrid

This research paper presents an comprehensive energy management system (EMS) for standalone renewable energy systems, integrating photovoltaic (PV) panels, fuel cells (FC), batteries, and supercapacitors (SC). The study evaluates four EMS strategies: Proportional-Integral (PI) approach, an Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS), an ECMS optimized with Harris Hawks Optimization (ECMS_HHO), and State Machine Control (SMC) Strategy. The main goal is to minimize fuel consumption and boost system efficiency. Simulations results show that ECMS- based on Harris Hawks Optimization excels, achieving the lowest hydrogen consumption and highest efficiency: 7.1797 g at 86.8601% efficiency in spring, and 8.5521 g at 88.3974% in summer. SMCS, however, has the highest hydrogen consumption, indicating lower efficiency. ECMS_HHO's strategic battery discharge yields a final state of charge of 44.1051% in spring and 44.5713% in summer, emphasizing hydrogen conservation. Thus, ECMS_HHO is identified as a superior, sustainable solution for efficient energy management in the standalone renewable systems.