Numerical Analysis of Lead-free Cs₂SnI₆-Based Perovskite Solar Cell, with Inorganic Charge Transport Layers Using SCAPS-1D

Abstract: This work presents a numerical analysis of a lead-free Cs₂SnI₆-based perovskite solar cell employing ZnO as the electron transport layer (ETL), and NiO as the hole transport layer (HTL). These two materials gave a significant performance in front of other transport charge materials. After selecting the charge transport layers (ZnO, and NiO), we have optimized their thicknesses as well as their doping concentrations. We have also analyzed the impact of the absorber thickness, its defect density (N_t), the defect density at the interfaces (NiO/Cs₂SnI₆ and Cs₂SnI₆/ZnO), and the influence of temperature on the output parameters. Finally we have obtained a solar device based on Cs₂SnI₆ with a fully inorganic ITO/CuI/Cs₂SnI₆/ ZnO/AZO/Ag structure, with an efficiency of 14.65% at room temperature and 16.77% at 400 K. The results show that Cs₂SnI₆ can play an important role as an absorbing perovskite in the development of solar cell technology. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].