Nanocellulose/nanocellulose-based membranes in wastewater treatment: a sustainable path forward for environmental protection

Nanocellulose, derived from cellulose, is a broadly abundant biopolymer which is gaining attention as a sustainable material, particularly in wastewater remediation. This article explores nanocellulose's precise properties, such as mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and large surface area, which make it an ideal substance for advanced environmental and commercial uses. Derived from plants, agricultural residues, and microorganisms, cellulose is converted into cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), and cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), each with unique structures and properties. Nanocellulose-based membranes are fabricated by using different techniques, along with chemical and mechanical treatment, and show outstanding results in water remediation by adsorbing heavy metals, getting rid of natural pollutants, and degrading pharmaceutical residues. Economic viability is mentioned, which specialises in cost reduction and sustainability. Future studies aim to enhance the membrane's overall performance, expand applications, and expand sustainable manufacturing strategies, ensuring nanocellulose's role in addressing worldwide demanding situations.