Medicinal Plants Exhibited Promising Potential to Inhibit Biofilm Formation by Catheter-Associated Bacteria in UTI Patients from Lahore, Pakistan

The current study was designed to evaluate the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and biofilm inhibitory potential of six medicinal plants, including Trachyspermum ammi, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Nigella sativa, Thymus vulgaris, Terminalia arjuna, and Ipomoea carneaid against catheter-associated bacteria (CAB). Eighteen CAB were identified up to species level using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, viz., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. T. ammi essential oil and T. foenum-graecum methanolic extract combination exhibited the highest antibacterial activity (ZOI; 32.0) against S. aureus. N. sativa essential oil (EO) showed highest ZOI (31.0; p ≤ 0.05) against Proteus mirabilis at 100 µgmL^–1. Among 18 CAB isolated, 13 showed mature biofilm formation on 5^th day. All plant extracts demonstrated more than 80% antibiofilm and biofilm inhibition activity. A concentrationdependent increase was observed with plant extracts against CAB during antibacterial, antibiofilm, and biofilm inhibition activities. The study suggests that EO and methanolic extract (ME) of tested plants possess promising antibiofilm and biofilm inhibitory potential against CABs. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report antibacterial, antibiofilm, and biofilm inhibitory potential of T. ammi and N. sativa seed EO, as well as T. foenum-graecum, N. sativa, T. vulgaris, T. arjuna, and I. carnea ME against CAB from medical setting.