Interplay between gut microbiota in immune homeostasis and inflammatory diseases

Mutualistic relationship between the gut microbiota in immune homeostasis and in inflammatory pathways is imperative for the balance of the immune system and for maintaining better health status. Understanding the composition and pathogenesis of microbial community and how they affect on the susceptibility to immune system (innate and adaptive) and in immune-mediated autoimmune disorders and allergic diseases. Intestinal mucosal permeability and an intact intestinal barrier are important for better immune regulation and are beneficial for commensal microbiota to prevent chronic inflammatory diseases. Exploring the interaction of gut microbiota with host immune system in inflammation allows us to understand the physiological and pathological changes of autoimmune disorders and also gives us new practicalities for the designing of novel immuno- and microbial therapies. Here, in this chapter, we aim to highlight the regulation of the gut microbiome into the innate and adaptive immune homeostasis and how they can cause gut dysregulation followed by systemic inflammatory diseases.