Innovations in cellulose-based hydrogels for enhanced wastewater treatment through adsorption

Cellulose-based hydrogels are versatile and biodegradable materials derived from renewable cellulose sources. These hydrogels possess unique properties, such as high water absorption capacity, tunable mechanical strength and excellent biocompatibility. Their porous structure and functional groups enable effective interactions with contaminants and making them ideal candidates for water purification. In wastewater treatment, cellulose-based hydrogels are widely utilized for adsorbing heavy metals and dyes because of their exceptional adsorption capacity and reusability. Chemical changes and enhanced fabrication processes can improve these materials capacity to combat different contaminants under demanding environmental conditions. This review comprehensively explores the extraction and modification of cellulose, the functional and structural properties of cellulose derivatives and the synthesis techniques for cellulose-based hydrogels. It delves into the adsorption mechanisms and highlighting their efficiency in removing specific contaminants. Factors influencing adsorption behavior, such as crosslink density, pollutant concentration, pH, temperature and ionic strength are also discussed. Finally, review outlines current challenges and provides future perspectives to guide research and innovation in this field. It emphasizes the potential of cellulose-based hydrogels as sustainable solutions for wastewater remediation.