Heat and mass transfer in a conical gap with mono and hybrid nanofluids

Using a Buongiorno model, this research conducts a numerical investigation of three-dimensional flow, heat, and mass transport in a conical gap formed by a cone and disk. This model incorporates Brownian diffusion and thermophoresis mechanisms, utilizing Cu and Al₂O₃ nanoparticles in water (H₂O) as a primary fluid. The influences of radiation and magnetic field are included in the governing equations. Four distinct physical cases, including rotating cone with stationary disk (Case I), rotating disk with stationary cone (Case II), co-rotation of cone and disk (Case III), and counter-rotation of cone and disk (Case IV), are explored in this study. A constant temperature is applied to the disk and cone surfaces in all four cases. The nanofluid occupies the conical gap, and the temperature differences between the rotating and stationary surfaces influence the heat transfer processes. The partial differential equations are transformed using similarity variables into an ordinary differential equation system. Both tabular and visual formats are used to express the numerical data. The consequences of mono and hybrid nanofluids on the skin fraction and Nusselt numbers are compared at the disk and cone surfaces for the four selected configurations. It is demonstrated that Case II provides maximum heat and mass transfer.