Guarantees for the Accused in a Fair Trial and Mechanisms for Their Protection in International Covenants and Saudi National Legislation

This work shows that a fair trial and legal safeguards granted to the accused are needed. International covenants and national laws affirm the right of self defense and and fair trial. The Universal Declaration of HR guarantees a just and public hearing by an independent tribunal, while the ICCPR upholds fair trial rights as a fundamental aspect of international humanitarian law. The findings indicate that the legal frameworks ensure just trials, with states integrating these principles into domestic laws. The UN Charter, Universal Declaration of HR, and ICCPR emphasise obey HR and state responsibility in judicial matters. Individuals must be able to exercise their right to defence, with legal safeguards ensuring procedural fairness and the presumption of innocence.