TY - JOUR
T1 - Glycine betaine accumulation, significance and interests for heavy metal tolerance in plants
AU - Ali, Shafaqat
AU - Abbas, Zohaib
AU - Seleiman, Mahmoud F.
AU - Rizwan, Muhammad
AU - Yavaş, İlkay
AU - Alhammad, Bushra Ahmed
AU - Shami, Ashwag
AU - Hasanuzzaman, Mirza
AU - Kalderis, Dimitris
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2020/7
Y1 - 2020/7
N2 - Unexpected biomagnifications and bioaccumulation of heavy metals (HMs) in the surrounding environment has become a predicament for all living organisms together with plants. Excessive release of HMs from industrial discharge and other anthropogenic activities has threatened sustainable agricultural practices and limited the overall profitable yield of different plants species. Heavy metals at toxic levels interact with cellular molecules, leading towards the unnecessary generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), restricting productivity and growth of the plants. The application of various osmoprotectants is a renowned approach to mitigate the harmful effects of HMs on plants. In this review, the effective role of glycine betaine (GB) in alleviation of HM stress is summarized. Glycine betaine is very important osmoregulator, and its level varies considerably among different plants. Application of GB on plants under HMs stress successfully improves growth, photosynthesis, antioxidant enzymes activities, nutrients uptake, and minimizes excessive heavy metal uptake and oxidative stress. Moreover, GB activates the adjustment of glutathione reductase (GR), ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) contents in plants under HM stress. Excessive accumulation of GB through the utilization of a genetic engineering approach can successfully enhance tolerance against stress, which is considered an important feature that needs to be investigated in depth.
AB - Unexpected biomagnifications and bioaccumulation of heavy metals (HMs) in the surrounding environment has become a predicament for all living organisms together with plants. Excessive release of HMs from industrial discharge and other anthropogenic activities has threatened sustainable agricultural practices and limited the overall profitable yield of different plants species. Heavy metals at toxic levels interact with cellular molecules, leading towards the unnecessary generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), restricting productivity and growth of the plants. The application of various osmoprotectants is a renowned approach to mitigate the harmful effects of HMs on plants. In this review, the effective role of glycine betaine (GB) in alleviation of HM stress is summarized. Glycine betaine is very important osmoregulator, and its level varies considerably among different plants. Application of GB on plants under HMs stress successfully improves growth, photosynthesis, antioxidant enzymes activities, nutrients uptake, and minimizes excessive heavy metal uptake and oxidative stress. Moreover, GB activates the adjustment of glutathione reductase (GR), ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) contents in plants under HM stress. Excessive accumulation of GB through the utilization of a genetic engineering approach can successfully enhance tolerance against stress, which is considered an important feature that needs to be investigated in depth.
KW - Antioxidant enzymes
KW - Exogenous application
KW - Genetic engineering
KW - Glycine betaine (GB) accumulation
KW - Heavy metal stress
KW - Plants
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85090699176&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/plants9070896
DO - 10.3390/plants9070896
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85090699176
SN - 2223-7747
VL - 9
SP - 1
EP - 23
JO - Plants
JF - Plants
IS - 7
M1 - 896
ER -
