Galerkin method for simulating the solidification of water in existence of nano-powders

In this investigation, Galerkin technique was utilized as a reliable method for simulating transient phenomena, to model the unsteady discharging process. The use of an adaptive grid further bolsters the reliability of the numerical simulation, a feature substantiated in the subsequent sections. The study centers on two pivotal factors: the powder diameter (dp) and their concentration (ϕ). With rise in ϕ, there is a significant 41.2% enrichment in the discharging rate. Significantly, the incorporation of nanotechnology has proven to be a game changer, resulting in a notable 41.2% improvement in the discharging rate. The effect of dp is interesting, demonstrating a dual impact on freezing time—initially decreasing by 19.95% and later increasing by 49.18%.