Evaluation of pro-inflammatory cytokine level in cases of idiopathic recurrent spontaneous miscarriage in Saudi Arabia

Background: A balanced stimulation and action of T-helper type 2 (Th2) and type 1 (Th1) immune response is required for a successful embryo implantation and positive outcomes of pregnancy while specific pro-inflammatory cytokine levels either belong to Th1 or Th2 profile which may deteriorate the pregnancy causing miscarriage. Methods: This research study comprised two groups: Group I-pregnant women with a history of recurrent spontaneous miscarriage (RSM, n = 50) and Group II-healthy pregnant controls (n = 50). Blood was collected, and serum was analyzed for interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-18, TNF-, and interferon (IFN)-γ using ELISA kit. Results: Th1 activity (IL-8, IL-12, IL-18, TNF-, and IFN-γ) was higher in study Group I irrespective of whether continuing their pregnancy or aborting in comparison to Group II controls (P < 0.001). On the other hand, Th2 activity (IL-6) was decreased in Group I patients (P < 0.001) as compared with normal control Group II. Conclusions: Patients with a history of RSM have significantly increased Th1 activity and decrease in Th2 activity in comparison to normal pregnant women without any history of spontaneous miscarriage in their past.