Evaluation of cold storage procedure via Galerkin method in existence of nanomaterial

In this study, a numerical method was employed to model the unsteady process of freezing. The system comprises an enclosure with fins, filled with a mixture of nanoparticles and H₂O. The mesh style adapts dynamically during the freezing process to better capture the evolving ice front, thereby enhancing simulation accuracy. Validation against previous studies confirms the model's reliability. Three levels of nanoparticle diameter (dp) and concentration (ϕ) were tested, examining their effects on the freezing process. The results indicate that the fastest solidification occurs with medium-sized nanoparticles at the highest concentration. Specifically, at ϕ = 0.02, an initial increase in dp declines the freezing time by around 11.72 %. However, further increasing dp beyond 40 nm results in a 25.75 % increase in freezing time. Additionally, increasing the nanoparticle concentration significantly reduces solidification time by approximately 41.31 %. The introduction of nanomaterials decreases the required freezing time from 9514.19 s to 5583.51 s, demonstrating a substantial improvement in efficiency.