Development of nanoparticles loaded composites from agricultural wastes for cationic dye removal from aqueous solution-A review

The removal of dyes from wastewater streams prior to discharge via adsorption remains a cost effective and efficient pathway towards water and environmental security. The adsorption of MB on nanoparticle loaded composite using agricultural wastes as precursors is an interesting subject area that requires considerable attention. This review study gives a broader insight and overview of trends and emerging techniques for the production of nanoparticle loaded composite from agricultural wastes as a primary source with the aim of its effective utilization for the adsorption of MB. The review discusses the influence of the processing conditions for improved surface properties of the synthesized adsorbent from existing research papers from the sciencedirect database from 2011-till date. The processing conditions such as the effect of activation temperature, activation time under physical and chemical activation of biomass for enhanced surface properties on the loaded composite for improved adsorption of MB is comprehensively discussed. The microwave activation of agricultural wastes biomass has shown the prospect for improved surface properties of adsorbent at very short activation time. Microwave activation is more suitable method of activation of agricultural wastes processed for MB adsorption compared to pyrolysis and activating heating of biomass. Recently, porous carbonaceous surface has been used for the loading of nanoparticles derived from agricultural wastes. Detailed modification of carbonaceous materials for enhanced functionalized surface for improved adsorption of MB using synthesis routes for nanoparticles (NP) from agricultural wastes via techniques such as modified Turkevish method, sol-gel method, chemical precipitation, ball milling extrusion, in-situ synthesis techniques has been extensively and critically summarized in this review.