Composite materials in solar energy: a review

This review highlights the growing role of composite materials in improving the efficiency and sustainability of solar energy technologies. As the world turns more to renewable energy to combat climate change and reduce reliance on fossil fuels, solar energy stands out as a powerful solution for sustainable power generation. Composite materials, which combine the best properties of different substances, are crucial for advancing solar energy systems by enhancing their efficiency, durability, and thermal management. In this review, we dive into the use of composites in various solar applications, including photovoltaic systems, solar collectors, and thermal energy storage (TES) solutions. Key innovations discussed include the use of phase change materials (PCMs) in TES, advanced direct absorption solar collectors (DASCs) with nanofluids, and composite-enhanced photovoltaic back sheets. We also explore the incorporation of eco-friendly materials, such as natural fibers, and the exciting potential of 2D materials like graphene and MoS₂ in improving solar technology performance. The review stresses the importance of ongoing research to address challenges in material optimization and system integration, aiming to create scalable and reliable solar technologies. Ultimately, composite materials play a crucial role in the shift toward cleaner energy, helping make solar energy a more competitive, efficient, and sustainable solution to meet global energy needs.