Co-Doped Ni@Ni(OH)₂ Core–Shell Catalysts for Dual-Function Water and Urea Oxidation

Crystalline–amorphous core–shell-like heterostructures have attracted considerable attention in electrocatalysis due to their unique electronic and structural properties; however, tuning the surface composition of the amorphous shell remains a major challenge. In this work, we report a simple, low-cost, one-pot hydrazine-assisted chemical deposition method for synthesizing a series of Co-doped Ni@Ni(OH)₂ catalysts with a crystalline Ni core and an amorphous Ni(OH)₂ shell. Among the prepared catalysts, the sample containing 10 wt.% cobalt (denoted as b-Co-doped Ni@Ni(OH)₂) exhibited the highest electrocatalytic activity toward both the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the urea oxidation reaction (UOR). In 1.0 M KOH, the b-Co-doped Ni@Ni(OH)₂ catalyst achieved a 40 mV lower overpotential at 50 mA·cm⁻² compared to undoped Ni@Ni(OH)₂ for the OER. For the UOR in 0.33 M urea/1.0 M KOH, it delivered approximately twice the anodic current density relative to the undoped sample, along with improved reaction kinetics as evidenced by a Tafel slope of 70.7 mV·dec⁻¹. This performance enhancement is attributed to the optimized core–shell-like architecture, cobalt doping-induced electronic modulation, increased electrochemically active surface area, and improved charge transfer efficiency. Overall, this study demonstrates a promising and scalable strategy for designing advanced Ni-based bifunctional catalysts for sustainable energy conversion and wastewater treatment applications.