Catalytic conversion of triglycerides to biodiesel using ZnO/SnTiO₄/SBA-15 nanostructures

The imperative for the present era revolves around the development of sustainable energy resources, driven by the depletion of conventional energy sources and the escalating global energy demand. Concurrently, the combustion of fossil fuels releases detrimental pollutants, including carbon oxides, sulfur compounds, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter, contributing to atmospheric pollution. Biodiesel, as an alternative fuel, offers numerous advantages compared to fossil fuels, including renewability and reduced emission of atmospheric pollutants. In this study, we explore the application of ZnO/SnTiO₄/SBA-15 nanostructure as a nanocatalyst for the biodiesel formation, aiming to enhance reaction efficiency and product quality. The investigation begins with the preparation and analyzation of ZnO/SnTiO₄/SBA-15 nanostructure, which demonstrate a high surface area (534 m²/g), mesoporous surface (pore size 3.54 cm³g^-1) and unique catalytic properties. The results designated that 99 % biofuel formation was attained in 5 h, and 65 °C temperature. The results show that ZnO/SnTiO₄/SBA-15 exhibit remarkable catalytic activity, effectively promoting the transformation of triglycerides into biodiesel with reduced reaction times and minimal byproducts. Furthermore, this research evaluates the influence of reaction parameters, i.e. temperature, methanol and oil ratio, and catalyst loading, on the biofuel formation and quality. Optimization studies reveal that 65 °C temperature, 30 mg catalyst and 5 h reaction times are the suitable conditions for the production of high yield biodiesel while minimizing resource consumption. The findings of this study highlight the significance of ZnO/SnTiO₄/SBA-15 nanostructure as a catalyst in the transesterification process, emphasizing their potential to revolutionize biodiesel production by offering a more efficient, environmentally responsible, and economically viable approach.