Analysis of the ternary hybrid nanofluid flow containing solid nanoparticles over a three-dimensional stretching surface using porous medium: homotopy analysis method

The analysis of trihybrid nanofluid flow past an elongating sheet using porous media is important for its potential applications in heat transfer systems, like coolant technologies, thermal management in electronic devices, and energy generation. Enhancing the base fluid’s thermal conductivities and heat transfer rate with the addition of various nanoparticles is essential for improving the efficiency of industrial processes such as heat exchangers, chemical reactions, and solar collectors. This study uses permeable media to describe the ternary hybrid nanofluid flow on an elongating sheet. TiO₂, CoFe₂O₄ and MgO are the three distinct solid nanoparticles that make up the ternary hybrid nanofluid. The selection of TiO₂, CoFe₂O₄ and MgO nanoparticles is based on their superior thermal properties which enhance the heat transfer capability of the base fluid. TiO₂ improves stability and thermal conductivity, CoFe₂O₄ increases the rate of heat transfer under magnetic field, and MgO contributes to the greater heat capacity and thermal conductivity. The three-dimensional surface extends both along the x and y axes. The homotopy analysis method is used to offer a semi-analytical solution of the modified ODEs in dimensionless form. With the help of Figures, the convergence of the solution method is guaranteed. By contrasting current results with published results, the current model’s validity is demonstrated. The results of this investigation demonstrate that as the Weissenberg number, magnetic, and porosity variables increase, the velocity distributions (primary and secondary) decrease. The ratio factor has an inverse relationship with the primary velocity and a direct relationship with the secondary velocity. In the absence of slip events, the maximum velocity is determined. The thermal profile is decreased by the increased thermal radiation, thermal Biot number, and space- and thermal-dependent heat source parameters. In both primary and secondary directions, the friction force is increased by higher magnetic and porosity factors.