Valuation of EQ-5D-5L in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A National Representative Study

Objectives: To estimate a Saudi-specific value set for the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire using the EuroQol Valuation Technology program and the EuroQol Group's standard protocol. Methods: Participants were quota-sampled from the Saudi adult population based on residency location, age group, gender, education level, and employment status. The participants were guided through the completion of composite time trade-off (cTTO) and discrete choice experiment (DCE) tasks by trained interviewers using EuroQol Valuation Technology software. Quality control (QC) measures were used to ensure good data quality. Random intercept and Tobit models analyzed the cTTO data, as well as models correcting for heteroskedasticity. DCE data were analyzed using conditional logit models, whereas hybrid models were used to analyze the cTTO and DCE data jointly. To evaluate model performance, prediction accuracy, logical consistency, significance level, and goodness of fit were used. Results: The valuation study included a representative sample of the Saudi population (N = 1000). The hybrid heteroskedastic model without a constant was chosen as the preferred model for generating the value set. The predicted values ranged from −0.683 for the worst health state (“55555”) to 1 for the full health state (“11111”). Pain and discomfort had the largest impact on health-state preference values, whereas usual activities had the least. Conclusion: The value set for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is the first value set for the EQ-5D-5L for any country in the Middle East. The value set can be used in Saudi health system economic evaluations and decision making.