Tuning the Composition of Hydroxyapatite/Holmium Oxide/Graphene Oxide Mixed Systems for Biomedical Applications

The study is involved the three biocompatible ingredients Hydroxyapatite (HAP), holmium oxide (Ho₂O₃), and graphene oxide (GO) which were used for different nanocomposites formation, such as single, binary, and ternary nanocomposites. XRD histogram reported HAP poorer crystallinity than Ho₂O₃ composition, while FTIR analysis confirms the chemical composition of the different studied composites. Additionally, XPS resultant data reported a highly ternary oxygenated nanocomposite. EDX offers additional confirmation of pure composition without impurities. Moreover, HAP appeared in a rod-like shape. Also, TEM microstructure screening offers grain size reduction upon ternary composite HAP/Ho₂O₃/GO with an average grain size of 20 nm. The HAP/Ho₂O₃ and HAP/Ho₂O₃/GO exhibit the highest Rp, Rv values with (12.04 and 10.05 nm), (24.18, 19.48 nm), respectively. Moreover, the study offers surface area by BET was about 40.23, and 46.28 m²/g merging the three components shows the germicidal behavior peak with 14.3 ± 0.3 mm for E. coli and 15.4 ± 0.5 mm for S. aureus. As well, cell viability records 96.9 ± 0.3%. Additionally, mechanical results tend ternary composite usage biologically.