The Impact of Tourism Growth, Urbanization and Economic Growth on Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Bahrain

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact that changes in tourism, urbanisation, and the economy have had on greenhouse gas emissions in Bahrain from 1995 to 2020. It will be the first of its kind to examine the relationship between external and endogenous elements from both a short-term and a long-term perspective. When second-order differentiation is present, the Johansen co-integration test detects short and long runs. With a speed of -0.079, the vector error correction model indicates a trend towards stability. Pairwise Granger causality testing reveals both unidirectional and bidirectional associations between variables. Tourist numbers only go up in response to an increase in carbon emissions. Growth in both tourism and the economy contributes to urban expansion in a unidirectional fashion. Urbanization and tourism both benefit from and contribute to one another's development. Politicians, economists, and academics in Bahrain may use the findings of this study to craft a policy that will last and is consistent with the Paris Agreement.