Tailoring combinations of hydroxyapatite/cadmium selenite/graphene oxide based on their structure, morphology, and antibacterial activity

Nanocomposites offer the desired properties with multi-functionality behavior. Hydroxyapatite (HAP), cadmium selenide (CdSe), and graphene oxide (GO) were combined in mono, di, and tri phases compositions. The morphology, structure, and chemical composition were investigated for HAP, CdSe, HAP/CdSe, HAP/GO and HAP/CdSe/GO using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XRD shows that the crystallite size increased from 28 nm to 37 nm. SEM analysis shows the roughness average (Ra) starts from 27.8 increases till 28.8 nm for HAP and HAP/CdSe/GO, while the average maximum height of the roughness (Rtm) starts from 214.2 to 212.7 nm. The existence of HAP, CdSe, and GO was confirmed with XPS, EDX, and FTIR. The polarization behavior was investigated and the corrosion current density (I_corr) of the ternary nanocomposite reached 3.7 µA/cm², while potential corrosion reached around − 0.3 V. It was found that the release of Cd²⁺ and Ca²⁺ ions increased upon the time of exposure up to around 23± 3 and 132 ± 4 ppm, respectively. The cell viability of osteoblasts human cell line toward the ternary nanocomposite reached 95.1 ± 3%. The antibacterial activity was studied and it was found that the inhibition zone reached around 20.4 ± 1.1 and 21.4 ± 0.9 mm against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively.