Structural, Magnetic, and Dielectric Properties of Sn-Doped BiFeO₃: Experiment and DFT Analysis

The structural, magnetic, dielectric, and surface morphology of BiSn_xFe_1-xO₃ (x = 0.0 to 1.0) was analyzed experimentally. The samples were synthesized by a simple chemical micro-emulsion method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals structural distortion at A site and B site of BFO due to Sn doping in rhombohedral phase. The EDX data certify Sn is well incorporated in BiFeO₃. The effect of Sn doping on crystal size and grain size has also been addressed. The FTIR analysis elaborates absorption at 555 cm⁻¹ which is due to stretching and bending vibrations of O–Fe–O bonds. The magnetic properties are illustrated by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The magnetic moments and exchange mechanism described theoretically by DFT analysis which support the experimental results. The dielectric behavior of studied materials has been evaluated by dielectric constant (ɛʹ), tangent loss (tanδ), real and imaginary part of impedance, and Cole–Cole plots in 1–3 GHz. The spin-orientated magnetism and dielectric response increase their potential for microwave absorber and sensor.