Optimized equivalent consumption minimization strategy-based artificial Hummingbird Algorithm for electric vehicles

The automotive sector is experiencing rapid evolution, with the next-generation emphasizing clean energy sources such as fuel-cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEVs) due to their energy efficiency, eco-friendliness, and extended driving distance. Implementing effective energy management strategies play a critical role in optimizing power flow and electrical efficiency in these vehicles. This study proposes an optimized energy management strategy (EMS) for FCHEVs. The suggested EMS introduces a hybridization between the equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) and the Artificial Hummingbird Algorithm (AHA). The Federal Test Procedure for Urban Driving (FTP-75) is employed to evaluate the performance of the proposed EMS. The results are assessed and validated through comparison with outcomes obtained by other algorithms. The findings demonstrate that the proposed EMS surpasses other optimizers in reducing fuel consumption, potentially achieving a 48.62% reduction. Moreover, the suggested EMS also yields a 15.45% increase in overall system efficiency.