Oil shale ash as hydraulic binder substitution in binder-based material with additive of superplasticizer and roller compaction method

Effective upcycling process of oil shale ash (OSA) has not been solved yet. To better understand how to perform upcycling of OSA, this section could show the steps of its upcycling effectively. For that aim, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of cement with OSA were substituted in roller-compacted concrete (RCC). Results showed that using the OSA has retarded the mechanical properties of roller-compacted green concrete (RCGC) when compared to RCC and though the durability property of concrete was satisfactory, the RCGC reached the required compressive stress, which could be used for public constructions. The results also unveiled that 10% replacement of cement with OSA shows the best physical and mechanical properties and durability. As an upcycling model the work replaced common cement with OSA, up to 10% in the RCGC, which would make the RCGC develop.