Nano-Chaperones: Bridging Therapeutics for Amyloid Aggregation in Alzheimer's Disease and Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus

Nano-chaperones represent an innovative therapeutic approach targeting amyloid aggregation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), two diseases linked by similar pathogenic mechanisms involving protein misfolding and insulin resistance. Current treatments primarily address symptoms, yet nano-chaperones can potentially intervene at the molecular level by mimicking natural chaperone proteins to prevent or reverse amyloid aggregation. In AD, nano-chaperones target amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides, reducing neurotoxicity and preserving neuronal function, while in T2DM, they inhibit islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) aggregation, alleviating cytotoxic stress on pancreatic β-cells. These nanoparticles exhibit a dual capacity for cellular penetration and selectivity in interacting with misfolded proteins, showing promise in mitigating the shared amyloidogenic pathways of both diseases. Preclinical studies have demonstrated significant reductions in amyloid toxicity with potential applications in crossing the blood–brain barrier (BBB) to enhance central nervous system (CNS) delivery. Nano-chaperones transformative role in developing multi-targeted precision therapies for complex diseases is highlighted, underscoring their capacity to modulate disease progression through targeted biomimetic interactions. Nano-chaperone designs for clinical application focus on enhancing therapeutic efficacy and safety. This innovative approach may redefine treatment paradigms for amyloid-related diseases, offering a new frontier in personalized medicine.