Influence of entropy on Brinkman–Forchheimer model of MHD hybrid nanofluid flowing in enclosure containing rotating cylinder and undulating porous stratum

The current article aims to discuss the natural convection heat transfer of Ag/Al₂O₃-water hybrid filled in an enclosure subjected to a uniform magnetic field and provided with a rotating cylinder and an inner undulated porous layer. The various thermo-physical parameters are investigated such as Rayleigh number (100 ≤ Ra≤ 100000), Hartmann number (0 ≤ Ha≤ 100), and the nanoparticles concentration (0.02 ≤ ϕ≤ 0.08). Likewise, the rotational speed of the cylinder (- 4000 ≤ ω≤ + 4000), as well as several characteristics related to the porous layer, are examined li its porosity (0.2 ≤ ε≤ 0.8), Darcy number (- 100000 ≤ Da≤ - 100) which indicates the porous medium permeability and the number of undulations (0 ≤ N≤ 4). The calculations are carried out based on the Galerkin Finite element method (GFEM) to present the streamlines, isotherms, entropy generation, and average Nusselt numbers in details. The main results proved that increment of Rayleigh number and Darcy number enhances heat transfer convection within the enclosure. Whilst, the porosity presents a minimal impact. Also, the rotational speed in a positive direction has a favorable influence on the heat transfer dispersion across the cavity.