Improving the Performance of Arabic Information Retrieval Systems: The Issue of Resolving Word Sense Disambiguation

This study aimed at assessing the performance and efficacy of the retrieval information (IR) systems implemented in three widely used search engines (Google, Bing, and Yahoo), specifically with regard to the challenge of word sense disambiguation in Arabic texts. Such a challenge has been confirmed to negatively influence the retrieval of the most relevant documents. Therefore, we extended the paradigm of using computational methods and natural language processing (NLP) tools, primarily tailored for processing English texts, to explore morphosyntactic as well as lexical issues disturbing the accuracy of Arabic IR systems. Findings revealed striking disparities in the efficacy of IR systems integrated into these search engines, which can be attributed to four principal challenges: (a) the intricate morpho-syntactic structures inherent in Arabic; (b) the idiosyncratic orthographical system of the Arabic script; (c) the multifaceted semantic flexibility of certain lexical elements; and (d) the intriguing diaglossic nature of Arabic, allowing for the coexistence of multiple linguistic varieties within a single discourse situation. Drawing from these findings, a series of solutions rooted in supervised machine learning techniques, including clustering models and adaptations based on geographic locations, are proposed. Moreover, the study advocates for the capacity of search engines to interpret queries across all Arabic varieties, encompassing vernacular dialects. Furthermore, the importance of search engines accommodating queries irrespective of the specific language adopted by users is underscored. While the research primarily centers on Arabic, its implications resonate beyond this language alone. By applying computational methodologies originally designed for English to Arabic, the study not only addresses the challenges specific to Arabic IR systems but also contributes valuable insights that transcend linguistic boundaries. Through a comparative lens, issues like word sense disambiguation between Arabic and English are juxtaposed, extracting lessons that can inform advancements in information retrieval for both languages.