Improvement of rate of freezing inside a thermal storage container with use of nanomaterial for controlling the water treatment

The main target of present transient simulation is to find the best conditions in which the highest rate of solidification can be achieved. To gain this aim, nanoparticles were dispersed and various sizes were considered to obtain the best diameter in view of discharging rate. Additionally, the radiation term was added in the energy equation. As a fraction of CuO augments, solidification time decreases about 28.56 % at Rd = 0, dp = 40 nm. With the rise of Rd, impact of nano powder fraction reduces about 2.74 %. The minimum time of full discharging is 2024.8 s and obtained when φ = 0.04, Rd = 1 and d_p = 40 nm. When Rd = 0, required time reduces 12.41 % with a rise of dp up to 40 while it augments about 34.82 % when d_p augments greater than 40. Obtained data demonstrates that size of nano powders has a more important role when Rd is non-zero. Maximum effect of Rd on time of solidification occurs when d_p = 50 nm and minimum changes occurs when d_p = 40 nm. Additionally, duration reduces about 11.16 % with rise of Rd for pure H₂O.