Immunotherapy-based cancer vaccines: state of the art

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death due to mutation in the DNA of the cell, the lack of appropriate biomarkers in cancer patients, early detection or diagnosis with late-stage patients restrict their successful treatment with conventional drugs. Recently, adoptive cell therapy and vaccines have been developed to target public antigens, which are common in multiple patients affected with cancer instead of private antigen-specific to a single patient. numerous studies currently highlight the significance of tumor-specific mutated private antigens to endogenous antitumor immunity. Immunotherapy that aimed at neoantigens may allow safer and more durable tumor regression; however, tailored targeting presents many challenges. New technologies—possibly proceeding from T-cell receptor repertoire sequencing—are needed to identify antigens for cancers with low mutational burden and few neoantigens.