Hybrid vibration and thermal energy harvesting for intelligent omni-surface-assisted wireless communication

This paper presents a wireless communication framework that integrates Intelligent Omni-Surfaces (IOS) with hybrid energy harvesting based on ambient vibrations and thermal gradients. In the proposed system, a low-power source node harvests mechanical and thermal energy from its environment and utilizes this energy to transmit information. An IOS is strategically deployed to facilitate simultaneous signal transmission and reflection toward two distinct users: one located in the transmission region (Ut) and another in the reflection region (Ur). The hybrid energy harvesting mechanism ensures uninterrupted operation of the source in energy-constrained environments, while the IOS enables programmable control over electromagnetic wave propagation to serve multiple users efficiently. We develop a system model capturing the interplay between hybrid energy dynamics, IOS beam control, and dual-user communication. Analytical and simulation results demonstrate the feasibility and performance benefits of the proposed architecture in terms of energy efficiency, throughput, and reliability under varying environmental conditions.