Green Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Mediated by <i>Nyctanthes arbor-tristis</i> Leaf Extract: Exploring Antidiabetic, Anticancer, and Antimicrobial Activities

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) are generally recognized as safe substances, leading to a growing interest in their applications, particularly when synthesized using various medicinal plants. In this study, an aqueous extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaves was used to synthesize NL-ZnONPs, and their various biological applications were assessed. The maximum absorbance (lambda max) of NL-ZnONPs was found at 376 nm. SEM and XRD analyses confirmed the amorphous nature of the NL-ZnONPs, while FTIR analysis revealed that phytochemicals from the plant extract capped the surface of the NL-ZnONPs. NL-ZnONPs inhibited mammalian alpha-glucosidase activities-maltase, sucrase, isomaltase, glucoamylase-, and alpha-amylase activity through non-competitive inhibition, with IC50 values of 594.4 +/- 1.79 mu g/mL, 1160.2 +/- 4.8 mu g/mL, 648.4 +/- 3.6 mu g/mL, 719.3 +/- 2.3 mu g/mL, and 398.4 mu g/mL, respectively. The NL-ZnONPs also reduced cell viability in A549, MCF7, and HepG2 cells, with IC50 values of 42.89 +/- 1.8 mu g/mL, 32.65 +/- 4.8 mu g/mL, and 159.15 +/- 3.5 mu g/mL, respectively. DNA fragmentation and apoptosis were observed in A549 and MCF7 cells through DAPI and acridine orange/ethidium bromide fluorescence staining. Additionally, NL-ZnONPs exhibited antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida parapsilosis at a concentration of 100 mu g/mL. Overall, NL-ZnONPs demonstrated effective antidiabetic activity by inhibiting carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes, as well as significant anticancer and antimicrobial activities.