Environmental, financial, and technological viability of based on a Grid/PV/battery/wind/electrolyzer/biogas hybrid configuration for producing energy and hydrogen

Electric vehicle charging stations, a crucial component of the transition to sustainable transportation, require energy systems that are not only economically and technically feasible but also ecologically friendly. A reliable answer to these requirements is provided by a hybrid setup that combines grid electricity, photovoltaics, batteries, wind turbines, electrolyzers, and biogas. Although the idea of hybrid energy systems for charging stations has drawn a lot of interest worldwide, there are still important research gaps, especially when considering Saudi Arabia. The project's objective is to assess the viability of hybrid photovoltaic, wind turbine, and biogas electrical networks in terms of both technology and economics by using HOMER Pro 3.14 software for sustainable charging stations for electric cars in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. The most cost-effective charging station is the PV/WT/BG/Grid/Electrolyzer charging station, with a minimum NPC, COE, and operating cost of $801811, $0.058/kWh, and $18599. Furthermore, the levelized costs of hydrogen (LCOH) for PV, BG, battery, grid, and electrolyzer charging stations were found to be 4.55$/kg. The hybrid WT/PV/BG/Grid/electrolyzer EV charging station is the cleanest and most ecologically friendly system available, emitting the least amount of CO₂ (2687 kg/yr) and having a renewable fraction of 99.4%. Overall, the hybrid PV/WT/BG/Grid/electrolyzer EV charging station is the most effective option for a green energy electric vehicle fueling station in this location, according to the main conclusions of the techno-economic optimization. A future study will be crucial in determining how to increase the efficiency and dependability of hybrid electric vehicle charging stations.