Ecofriendly magnesium oxide nanoparticles: anticancer, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic potentials in vitro

This research on bioinspired magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) synthesized using orange peel extract (OPE) holds significant promise for improving the health and quality of life of individuals with disabilities. Phytochemical analysis for OPE was performed using recommended standard procedures, which confirmed that OPE served as a rich source of various essential phytochemicals. Response surface methodology was employed to optimize MgO synthesis and maximize nanoparticle yield. The results obtained from characterization (Uv, XRD, TEM, SEM, Zeta potential, EDX, DLS and FTIR) indicated the semispherical or quasi-spherical shape of MgO NPs with 53.3 nm in the mean size. The MgO NPs displayed antioxidant features, with the value of IC₅₀ 180.2 μg/mL. Additionally, MgO NPs had cancer therapy against the HeLa cervical cancerous cell line and (PC3) prostate cancerous cell line, where the IC₅₀ was 179.4 µg/mL and 190.67 µg/mL correspondingly, while showing less toxicity toward the normal Vero cell line. The biosynthesized MgO NPs displayed significant antibacterial activity. The largest zone of inhibition was against Bacillus subtilis (27.57 mm, MIC 62.5 µg/mL), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (18.4 mm, MIC 62.5 µg/mL), Salmonella typhi (18.0 mm, MIC 125 µg/mL), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (16.8 mm, MIC 250 µg/mL). They also showed anti-biofilm activity against S. aureus ATCC 35556 and E. coli ATCC 25922 with inhibition of 69.6 and 55.5% respectively at 200 μg/mL. In addition, Biosynthesized MgO NPs demonstrated significant inhibitory activity against α-amylase as well as α-glucosidase enzymes, with IC₅₀ 76.71 μg/mL and 38.8 μg/mL, respectively.