D-Dimer as Biomarker in Vaccinated Cardiovascular Disease Population During Covid 19

Background: COVID-19, and mRNA vaccines can raise the CVDs risk through receptor binding proteins and inflammation, specifically the ACE 2 receptor. Objective: To evaluate the significance of D-dimer and other inflammatory biomarkers in predicting CVD complications among vaccinated patients with COVID-19, along with mild, moderate and severe illness severity. Materials and Methods: Serum samples were collected at baseline, on average 7 days after onset of symptoms from 60 hospitalized COVID-19 patients (71% men, 29% female). We quantified the levels of interleukin 6(IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, procalcitonin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and D-dimer. Cross-sectional comparisons with COVID-19 severity, diabetes status, vaccination and SARSCoV-2 variant were made. Results: 50% of patients were diabetic and more patients with severe illness had diabetes. Levels of D-dimer were significantly higher among the diabetic patients with moderate illness than in nondiabetics (p = 0.041). In severe illness, D-dimer levels between diabetic and non-diabetic individuals were comparable (p = 0.066). High D-dimer, prothrombin time and cardiac biomarkers were positively correlated with CVD risks in COVID-19 patients, an apparent inflammatory response was highly observed by daytime temperature during COVID-19 among diabetes patients. Conclusions: This study suggests that COVID-19 and mRNA vaccinations can increase the overall risk of CVDs in patients, especially patients with diabetes by increasing inflammatory markers such as D-dimer. The various D-dimer and other biomarkers can be monitored to determine the risks associated with CVD in this population.