Codimension-one and -two bifurcation analysis of a discrete-time prey-predator model

This paper investigates bifurcations analysis and resonances in a discrete-time prey-predator model analytically and numerically as well. The local stability conditions of all the fixed points in the system are determined. Here, codim-1 and codim-2 bifurcation including multiple and generic bifurcations in the discrete model are explored. The model undergoes fold bifurcation, flip bifurcation, Neimark–Sacker bifurcation and resonances 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 at different fixed points. Using the critical normal form theorem and bifurcation theory, normal form coefficients are calculated for each bifurcation. The different bifurcation curves of fixed points are drawn which validate the analytical findings. The numerical simulation gives a wide range of periodic cycles including codim-1 bifurcation and resonance curves in the system. The results in this manuscript reveal that the dynamics of the discrete-time model in both single-parameter and two-parameter spaces are inherently rich and complex. The resonance bifurcation in the discrete-time map indicates that both species coincide till order 4 in stable periodic cycles near some critical parametric values.