TY - JOUR
T1 - Addressing Unmet Needs in Clostridium difficile Infection
T2 - Advances in Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
AU - Sahoo, Ankit
AU - Singh, Janhvi
AU - Alam, Kainat
AU - Alruwaili, Nabil K.
AU - Aodah, Alhussain
AU - Almalki, Waleed H.
AU - Almujri, Salem Salman
AU - Alrobaian, Majed
AU - Barkat, Md Abul
AU - Singh, Tanuja
AU - Lal, Jonathan A.
AU - Rahman, Mahfoozur
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2025 Bentham Science Publishers
PY - 2025
Y1 - 2025
N2 - Introduction: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a serious global health concern characterized by toxin-induced colonic damage, ranging from diarrhea to life-threatening conditions. Despite improved diagnostics and treatments, recurrence rates of up to 30% underscore persistent gaps in effective disease management. Methods: CDI pathogenesis is driven by the disruption of the gut microbiota, often due to broad-spectrum antibiotic use. Risk factors such as advanced age, hospitalization, IBD, and immunosuppression increase the severity and recurrence of the infection. The hypervirulent ribotype 027 strain has been associated with increased mortality and treatment resistance, necessitating targeted therapies. Results: Emerging treatments such as FMT and monoclonal antibodies show promise for CDI management, with FDA approvals marking progress in microbiome restoration. However, hurdles remain in safety, regulation, and donor screening. Advances in diagnostic and scoring tools have aided in the detection and treatment, but differentiating between colonization and infection remains a challenge. Preventive measures and novel agents such as bacteriocins and bacteriophages offer targeted, microbiome-sparing strategies. Discussion: Despite recent advances, CDI management remains challenging because of diagnostic uncertainty and frequent recurrences. Innovative treatments such as FMT and monoclonal antibodies are promising but face limitations in safety, access, and cost. Preventive strategies and decision tools help, yet distinguishing colonization from infection remains difficult, underscoring the need for ongoing and multidisciplinary innovation. Conclusion: This review highlights current approaches to CDI diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, stressing the urgent need for innovative strategies to reduce recurrence. Targeted research and policy efforts are vital to improving outcomes and quality of life for those affected.
AB - Introduction: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a serious global health concern characterized by toxin-induced colonic damage, ranging from diarrhea to life-threatening conditions. Despite improved diagnostics and treatments, recurrence rates of up to 30% underscore persistent gaps in effective disease management. Methods: CDI pathogenesis is driven by the disruption of the gut microbiota, often due to broad-spectrum antibiotic use. Risk factors such as advanced age, hospitalization, IBD, and immunosuppression increase the severity and recurrence of the infection. The hypervirulent ribotype 027 strain has been associated with increased mortality and treatment resistance, necessitating targeted therapies. Results: Emerging treatments such as FMT and monoclonal antibodies show promise for CDI management, with FDA approvals marking progress in microbiome restoration. However, hurdles remain in safety, regulation, and donor screening. Advances in diagnostic and scoring tools have aided in the detection and treatment, but differentiating between colonization and infection remains a challenge. Preventive measures and novel agents such as bacteriocins and bacteriophages offer targeted, microbiome-sparing strategies. Discussion: Despite recent advances, CDI management remains challenging because of diagnostic uncertainty and frequent recurrences. Innovative treatments such as FMT and monoclonal antibodies are promising but face limitations in safety, access, and cost. Preventive strategies and decision tools help, yet distinguishing colonization from infection remains difficult, underscoring the need for ongoing and multidisciplinary innovation. Conclusion: This review highlights current approaches to CDI diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, stressing the urgent need for innovative strategies to reduce recurrence. Targeted research and policy efforts are vital to improving outcomes and quality of life for those affected.
KW - antibiotics
KW - Clostridium difficile
KW - colonization
KW - diarrhea
KW - infection
KW - recurrence
KW - toxins prevention
KW - unmet need
KW - vaccine
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105020582837
U2 - 10.2174/0109298673381785251008222034
DO - 10.2174/0109298673381785251008222034
M3 - Review article
C2 - 41121479
AN - SCOPUS:105020582837
SN - 0929-8673
JO - Current Medicinal Chemistry
JF - Current Medicinal Chemistry
ER -