Adaptive immune response and evasion strategies of BK virus

BKV presents a considerable challenge, particularly in immunocompromised individuals such as kidney transplant recipients. This review explores the adaptive immune responses to BKV, focusing on both humoral and cellular immunity. While BKV-specific antibodies contribute to viral neutralization, their protective role is limited due to viral immune evasion strategies and serotype variations. Cellular immunity, especially BKV-specific T-cell responses, plays a crucial role in con-trolling viral replication and preventing nephropathy. However, BKV employs several immune evasion tactics, including antigenic variation, latency, and modulation of T-cell responses. The absence of standardized serological assays further complicates diagnosis and immune monitoring. Future research should focus on improving diagnostic tools, identifying biomarkers, and developing targeted immunotherapies. Understanding the mechanisms of BKV immune evasion and latency will be essential for improving clinical outcomes in high-risk populations.