3D-printed concrete: applications, performance, and challenges

Automatic construction systems have become the focus of the construction industry and research projects worldwide. Numerous technologies involving 3D printing (3DP) of concrete elements have been developed, and their application in construction projects has been growing. The 3DP in concrete construction is increasing due to its freedom in geometry, rapidness, formwork-less printing, low waste generation, eco-friendliness, cost-saving nature, and safety. Development of 3DP is not only limited to the earth but also gaining attention for building habitats in space. This study aims to present the technical, socio-economical, and environmental aspects related to 3DP of concrete structures for a systematic summation of the technology, guidelines, applications, challenges, and prospects of future research and market in the construction industry. This comprehensive review shows that challenges involved in 3D concrete printing should be analyzed further by researchers to enhance mechanical performance, durability, and sustainability and establish appropriate standard guidelines for printing structures.